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- I DIDN'T MEAN TO HAUNT YOU | The Culture Gyre
GOD DID NOT WANT THIS BY: Ian Sherry 9/19/22 DJ Khaled is one of the most polarizing figures in the music industry. His albums often read more like who's who in popular music than a regular old track list. His newest album God Did is no different. A music tycoon known for producing hits with established stars and dominating the billboard, DJ Khaled is a master of marketing if nothing else. He makes this clear in his newest album which has produced 10 songs that graced the billboard hot 100 including the 47 second intro from Drake. Big numbers and recognition on the billboard unfortunately don’t guarantee good music. In this case they certainly do not. DJ Khaled has a habit of ruining songs that had a real chance of being good with repetition and drawn out verses which he doesn’t bother getting trimmed. Perhaps it is because he relies so heavily on features and is hesitant to step into the other artists’ world. A reliance that is completely unnecessary by the way. It is possible to make a great album as a producer without overloading on features. Kenny Beats did so already this year with Louie, an album I highly recommend. Speaking of good beats DJ Khaled showcases his best one on the second track of the album. The title track “GOD DID” includes an interesting beat and a great verse from Rick Ross. Unfortunately, it also includes an extra thirty seconds of Jay Z which feels purely unnecessary. Perhaps the greatest torture on this song though, is the well executed feature from John Legend at the end. DJ Khaled didn’t stop there though. He also includes the track “KEEP GOING” which includes several decent verses from Lil Durk, 21 Savage, and Roddy Rich respectively. Unfortunately it also includes a repetitive beat that demands the same flow from all three rappers and by the time the third feature rolls around it is unbearable. These songs were close to being good, in a way that's sadder than a completely awful song because the potential is obvious. That being said, it only gets worse from here. There are plenty of songs on this album that aren’t worth listening to, in fact it's the majority, but there are also songs that are ludacris in general. The first is “USE THIS GOSPEL” which features Kanye West and Eminem. This song was released in 2019 on Kanye West’s hip hop gospel fusion album Jesus Is King, which received mixed reviews at best. Admittedly the original release of this song was excellent. It had a feature from one of the greatest rap duos of all time in Clipse and a sultry saxophone feature from Kenny G. This re-release is bad in comparison. It has a painful feature from Eminem and anyone listening, having heard the original, would be tempted to listen to the first one. The most annoying part is DJ Khaled had no hand in the original song, essentially defeating the reasoning for its new version. Kanye himself has released songs over beats he made for other artists following the original release, but at least he made the original beat. There is also a postmortem song from Juice WRLD called “Juice WRLD DID”. The entire song is Juice WRLD and it feels more like DJ Khaled flexing the fact that he has a song with the beloved SoundCloud sensation who passed away in 2019. Suffice to say there's a reason this song wasn't released while Juice was alive. The song is lyrically weak and the hook is repeated far too often because the verses themselves are short and lacking. If it weren’t for the tone of Juice’s voice it would be impossible to listen to. There are a few highlights on the album. There better be with this much talent. DJ Khaled has so many connections that he often slips into different styles of production within hip hop. “THESE STREETS KNOW MY NAME” is well executed even if it isn’t everyone’s cup of tea. It has a beat that continually switches up and exciting features from Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Skillibeng, Sizzla, Buju Banton, and Capleton. “IT AIN'T SAFE” is another good song. In this case he imitates the current southern rap style with hints of modern Detroit production. Nardo Whick and Kodak Black have solid features and the song glides as well as it can considering the style of production and lyrical flows that the pair of Florida rappers chose. “BEAUTIFUL” featuring Future and SZA and “BILLS PAID” featuring Latto and City Girls are probably the most palatable songs on the album. They don’t do anything groundbreaking but they are solid and I wouldn’t be surprised if they achieve the biggest streaming numbers in the long run. The first benefits from a smooth feature from Future and a perfect chorus from SZA. The second includes fun verses from Latto and City Girls over an upbeat soul sample from Eddie Kendricks. Overall this album is another bloated and overdone example of the pop rap DJ Khaled is able to reproduce every single time. Of course it has its high points, because of the sheer amount of talent, but it is ultimately dragged down by the repetition, ridiculous and cringy themes, and lack of musical creativity. I am sure it will make lots of money and be heard around the US for the next six months but it is important to separate the idea of commercial success from the essential resource that is good music. Someday I hope DJ Khaled can make this distinction. 1/10
- FOREVER HOWLONG | The Culture Gyre
Missed One: Two Star & The Dream Police By Ian Sherry 1/24/2025 On February 9, 2024 Mk.gee released Two Star & The Dream Police . Well, it seems bound to happen every year: I get to the end of my year’s top albums list and post it, then, just as relief begins to set in, it's washed away as I inevitably discover that I missed one. Hivemind , a Detroit-area-based YouTube channel, was this year’s bearer of bad news. As Riley, Graydon, and DJ Grant made their way through their 10 favorite records of the year, several selections appeared on more than one of their lists. One particular record stood out above the rest, not only because of the enticing descriptions but because of my complete unfamiliarity with the artist. I knew, at that point, that I had no choice but to listen to Mk.gee’s Two Star & The Dream Police , and this final 2024 LP did not disappoint. Phil Collins , Prince , and The Police . Those are the artists they likened to Mk.gee - an allegedly tasteful 80s revivalist – and all 3 legends are incredibly talented, loved, and 100% absent from track 1. “New Low” instead establishes Mk.gee’s emo/electronic sensibilities, delving into ambient genreless production that is intentionally mixed overtop the vocals. As the song builds, progressing briefly and effortlessly as most tracks on this record do, it embodies the palette in which Mk.gee brings music to life. From there, he steps further and further out of the shadows, introducing some safe rhythmic guitar performances and lighter, more sonically prominent vocals across tracks 2 & 3, before dropping the first in a healthy stash of standout songs considering the concise 33-minute runtime. Track 4, “DNM” , begins by giving a quick taste of his soon-to-be-signature scratchy electric guitar and a couple crisp keyboard notes, before stopping and restarting with a full launch into one of the album's best tracks. His vocals are confident and have a greater stylistic and toned range than I had imagined following the first song. That allows him to easily step into this peppy alternative tune while maintaining a firm grip on the sound itself with his rasping guitar in the background. Two Star & The Dream Police is fantastic for a lot of reasons, but the flow is one I’d like to highlight now. When you have an artist who can sing with the soulful tone of today’s inclusive r&b stylings on track 5, then turn around and deliver higher-register nostalgia-heavy vocals reminiscent of 2010s indie-pop on track 6, all without deviating whatsoever from the style he’s commanding, you get excellent flow. His track-to-track versatility sustains the listener’s interest while remaining comfortably within his signature sound. The result was this: I finished the album and immediately listened a 2nd time, then a 3rd, and a 4th. Obsessive? Sure, but I only obsess when it is absolutely warranted – Prince for instance. That’s because ‘fans’ at large do not appreciate, much less understand the man and his music. It’s a shame. So, when I heard Riley Savage drop his name I took note, and when “Candy” began on the heels of a very Prince/MJ-like transition I was immediately buckled in. This song is more than an impersonation - a mimicry born of surface-level understanding. Instead, it’s a musically legitimate adaptation of Prince’s iconic style lying plain as day within Mk.gee’s contemporary sound, from the lyrics, vocal progressions, and chorus structure to the teasing and eventually complete exhibit of his versatile yet distinct guitar in the form of a classic Prince solo. Simply put, it is an impressive product of comprehension and reinvention. When Mk.gee’s chunky electric guitar blurts out in the middle of vocally focused portions of the song it calls the listener’s attention (duh), which perfectly paves the way for it to bellyflop with the grace of a brick into whichever instrumental opportunity it wishes, creating a moment every time. "Candy" is not the only example of that technique, nor is it the only occasion where Mk.gee revitalizes a lost sound - the guys at Hivemind picked up on a few but I’d tweak their attributions slightly. In addition/place of Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel surges to mind on the 8th track “I Want” and rather than The Police, who are fully present on his latest single “ROCKMAN” , my dad wisely pointed to Sting ’s solo work on the last track “Dream Police” . Each influence was tastefully portrayed and integrated into the sound, and while I can’t speak to his thought process or the direction he’ll take his talents, his evident willingness to learn excites me most. I say that because there’s still exploration to be done. Two Star & The Dream Police is a breakout album. It introduces Mk.gee more capably than anything he’d released prior, but it left room for growth. The most crucial area in which I’ll be seeking improvement on his next release is song length. If you have a musical highpoint in mind, a moment where all the pieces of the song unite perfectly, save it for the end! For the length of the album, Mk.gee found moments that felt climax-worthy given the scale of each given track. However, with just 3 songs eclipsing the 3-minute mark, the payoff is given up too easily. If you, the artist, are comfortable building a song, you can stretch that process across 4 minutes rather than 2 giving the listener more time to sink into the track and yourself more structural, instrumental, and performative freedom. Taking the strongest features of what you’ve imagined and creating a more durable experience that’s ultimately more fulfilling, I’d imagine, is a difficult skill to hone. It would take confidence, experience, artistic maturity, and pure ability. Mk.gee is definitely one of the able. I could spend the conclusion of this review harping on other areas of improvement, perhaps vocal ambitions or rounding out the mix on the instrumental side, but the truth is Mk.gee showed he can be a centerpiece vocalist on “Alesis” and bulked up instrumentals for a fuller sound in instances across the record. So, now it’s just a matter of waiting, listening, and hoping we get more of it - more great music. Two Star & The Dream Police is a 8.3 .
- THE BOYS | The Culture Gyre
The Hunting Party 2/10/2025 BY: IAN SHERRY The Hunting Party premiered February 4, 2024, on NBC. The sole focus of network television, perhaps more than any other form of media, is to secure viewership. Each and every episode must supply something that brings the audience back the next week, which places a unique and permanently immediate sense of pressure on everyone involved. That pressure begins the moment the creators cross the threshold from idea to product and doesn’t cease until the show itself does. Network television’s latest million-dollar idea sprung from the mind of JJ Bailey. Bailey has experience with the pressures of Network show-biz, having had Echo, his only prior show, canceled after the pilot. The Hunting Party, in many ways, is a reflection of his learned approach to the genre. We can start with the premise. An unknown number of assumed-dead serial killers escape from a massive CIA-run subterranean prison via explosion. Now that’s a headline, albeit one that’s kept from the fictional public. The result of that jailbreak, therefore, is a technically unlimited (but more like unspecified) number of future episode plots. In that sense, The Hunting Party is pure genius. That, however, is not the only sense I care about. One of the givens of network television, in my eyes, has always been the limited quality of the art itself. There is a definite standard that this meticulously analyzed audience is known to expect. Falling short of that standard in any way, whether it be writing, acting, set design, or one of the many other requirements of TV production, would likely be received as a critical error. However, that standard is so demanding, there are so many boxes to check, that it encourages a sort of ‘good enough’ attitude, rather than the perfection in a vacuum that an alternatively produced show might aim for. The Hunting Party, for all its broad-stroke-strengths, is no exception to the phenomenon above. If you watched the promos, you’d be fooled into thinking Bex, played by Melissa Roxburgh, is the star of the show. In reality, the star is the plot. For instance, Bex goes from an FBI profiler posted in a casino (the FBI’s doghouse) to lead profiler in the most crucial multi-manhunt in the country’s history before the first commercial break. If that seems sudden, overly convenient, or even unrealistic to you, you’re not alone. But, that fast, loose, fairytale style was a conscious choice - one that, while limiting to the actors as they come across stiff and defined by their function, allowed for the writers to work in a borderline ludicrous number of plot twists, eureka moments, and cliff hangers in place of thoughtful, time-consuming small-talk or character definition. JJ Bailey’s masterpiece is not, nor will it be, a show defined by its acting, and certainly not by its writing, but neither is the genre. Network television is defined by ambition (I should know I watched 30 Rock). And while a show like The Hunting Party simply cannot compare to a show like 30 Rock in the classic critical categories, it just delivered perhaps the most ridiculously plot-packed pilot episode I’ve ever seen. That kind of unchecked creativity and ambition, at the end of the day, is what brings audiences back, and despite the various surface-level limitations I can’t help but consider myself a part of this audience. I will be back tonight for more.
- UTOPIA | The Culture Gyre
MAYHEM By Ian Sherry 3/31/2025 Lady Gaga released MAYHEM , her first studio album in five years, on March 7, 2025. With a collection of songs that meet the moment, Gaga has reasserted herself atop the charts. Lady Gaga is selling this project as inspired by a variety of 80s and 90s influences, but I’d describe it as a return to form. Her last studio album skewed too far into mall-music for my liking and, with the intrusion of movie soundtracks in her recent discography, it’s been since 2016 that we got a musically ambitious album from Lady Gaga and since 2013 that we’ve seen one of this quality. No song better fulfills this record’s sales pitch than “Zombieboy.” The chant-clap intro briefly sets the stage for the high-energy disco-electronic instrumental that drives the track. She rides the 80s revival wave and energetically fills out the musically encased vocal pockets for a sonically airtight product. The record feels contemporary, original, and unique to her well-established catalog. The MAYHEM sound’s X factor is the acid bass. The strobing electronic bass that flutters on songs throughout the record is reminiscent of Kendrick Lamar and his GNX production team’s “squabble up” . An album this fresh, however, is the result of more than just one new trick. All these years later, Lady Gaga is circularly collecting on her own influence in electronic music, and the results are inspiring. “Abracadabra” was a smash hit before the end of the first verse. It has the unmistakable, vintage feel of a Lady Gaga anthem. The bouncy electronic introduction is excellent. From there, she effortlessly builds energy before dropping an immediately iconic Gaga-talk chorus pumped full of that acid wobble on the low end. She commands the refrain with electrifying swagger, chanting in sync with the punchy dance beat for my personal high point of the album. Listening to Lady Gaga’s fervorous commitment to song concepts is as much fun 17 years in as it’s ever been. If it weren’t for her comfortability in her own sound and a willingness to work with fresher cross-industry influences, this album couldn’t compete in a trend-based genre like pop. “Killah” , for instance, is a ridiculous undertaking of influences that lands closer to corny than cool across the first couple verses, still it’s saved by a crisp chorus and a stellar instrumental feature from Gesaffelstein . Gesaffelstein was also MAYHEM ’s primary producer, which made him responsible for stylistically ushering Lady Gaga into the swing of this decade’s musical landscape. He generally delivered, bridging the gap between her vintage sound and today’s charts with notable chemistry and quality. The best songs featured filled-out instrumentals and ear-catching moments, while the small population of weaker songs suffered from thin backing undeserving of Gaga’s unrelenting vocal effort – the P!nk effect. Gaga sings like a dynamo, preventing any song from flopping - something that major pop releases are so prone to accepting. Her performances are potent, enough to elevate a song like “Blade Of Grass” to a touching ballad, and enough to somewhat salvage instrumentally empty duds like “Don’t Call Tonight” or “The Beast” . She shows veteran songwriting chops, only running long a few times on pop drags while manufacturing danceable songs, one after another, with timely shifts that allow her to choose from her full arsenal of sounds on any given song. Her lyrics are still the unmistakable mix of cheesy and genuine – the parody that results in goofs like “Perfect Celebrity” and number-1-worthy tracks like “Vanish Into You” – and I can’t imagine them any other way. At her best, Lady Gaga has a generationally distinct sound that can churn out 10/10 songs each time the pieces align (3 this year). The attention to detail throughout this record, which is quite contradictory to the title, pays dividends and is especially evident in the synchronicity between Gaga, the punches of the instrumental, and the infrequent but impactful backing vocals. This is music the product of a living icon, and this album may prove to be an essential member of that icon’s discography – a later-model success that further cements Lady Gaga’s legacy as an artist and musical innovator. MAYHEM is a 8.3 .
- RUNNING MAN | The Culture Gyre
UTOPI A 8/4/2023 On July 28, 2023, Travis Scott released his fourth solo album, UTOPIA . Finally. Travis Scott is one of the most prolific production-focused rappers of all time, and one of the most important figures in the music industry today. From his instant classic albums Rodeo and ASTROWORLD to his various chart-topping singles, he’s had a serious impact on the mainstream of rap, at points rising to heights of popularity no rapper has seen since Kanye West’s prime. His impact stretches beyond numbers and popularity too. His songwriting and production skills have been an asset to many studios, but most importantly, his musical versatility and range of influences have played a huge role in bridging the gap between production giants like West and Metro Boomin. Scott is an industry fixture, but it’s been a minute since we’ve heard that signature style of his. It’s no secret that Travis Scott needed some time away following the tragic events of the Astroworld Festival. He found himself in the center of a unique kind of controversy, one that no doubt weighs on him as heavy as nearly anyone else. As a fan it's a hard thing to navigate, and as the artist himself I’d imagine it's nearly impossible. That did concern me for several reasons. Scott thrives when he’s smack in the middle of the industry action. ASTROWORLD is one of the most successful pop/rap albums ever, and a big reason for that is the timing. Scott nailed the sound of the time, brought in the right features, and added his unique set of tools. It simply wouldn’t have been possible if he wasn’t so ‘in the know’. So, naturally, I was concerned he couldn’t replicate it while avoiding the spotlight (not that a man of Scott’s popularity and associations could ever disappear completely). Fortunately, Scott answered many of my lingering questions when the extensive UTOPIA rollout began. A rollout which, by the way, got on my nerves just a bit. Just give me the music Travis. But, I have to admit his strategy paid off. Instead of attempting to capture pop and rap in a bottle once again, Scott moved out of Astroworld and built a new one: UTOPIA. Travis Scott chose to begin his 2023 release with “HYAENA” . The energy, pace, and atmosphere do a good job of introducing UTOPIA . It’s just hectic enough to engage the listener but not so much that it loses them off the bat. Track 2 continues to settle into the same vibe. “THANK GOD” , while it isn’t one of the strongest songs on the album, does its job. To me, it takes too long to catch its groove, and although it does to an extent in the end, I don’t think it works outside of this chronological context. Speaking of context, “MODERN JAM” isn’t concerned with that. It’s a fun song, Teezo Touchdown is good for that, and it feels like Scott had fun making it. To be clear, the general sound is the same, as is much of this sonically coordinated album. It’s just the pace, intention, and vibe that are responsible for the shock. Maybe shock is what Travis Scott wanted here. The beat walks along nicely and the vocal effects are great. This definitely feels like the first song Scott wants his listeners to bring out of UTOPIA and into their playlists. In another somewhat jarring transition, Scott follows track 3 with “MY EYES” . An immediately different feel, this song is Scott’s best since ASTROWORLD . It resides within the sound of the album but executes something completely different. A spacey synth sits on top of a mild drum and bassline, as a muddied Justin Vernon vocal guides track 4 into its first verse. Scott drops in a pretty average verse, but pitches and tunes his vocal to the point that it's just another tool painting the ambient soundscape. The chorus hits and Vernon chimes in for another line as the beat begins to switch. Travis Scott’s first beat switch of the album is perfectly executed. A new faded sample sits over the top and the ambience grows louder, as does the new drum and bass fueled low end. Scott’s second verse sinks into the middle of the mix, allowing the beat to rock and the pace to catch on completely, leading perfectly into track 5. This is the epitome of what Travis Scott has given himself the opportunity to do from a production standpoint on UTOPIA . It’s the Utopian sound. THE LOW-END If you followed the UTOPIA rollout as closely as I did, you’d be very interested to hear how it sounds. You’d also be relieved to find that it does have a distinct sound. However, I think calling it the ‘Utopian’ sound is counterintuitive in a sense. This isn’t to say I don’t enjoy it, but the implication is that this is Travis Scott’s musical sweetspot, his Utopia. One he could settle down in forever. I disagree. While it is certainly a strong and polished mix of his catalog’s strongest sounds and influences, this is just one stop on the road. But, it’s an interesting stop so let’s go deeper. The key to this sound, as far as I can track it, comes down to the low-end. ASTROWORLD ’s strength was in the airiness of the production; UTOPIA has none of that. Its grimy industrial feel is the product of diluted soundbites, endless layering, and prominent drums that come together in an organized clutter, and it feeds into one of Scott’s biggest influences (keep reading for more on that, sucker). The only reason these moving parts are able to combine so cohesively is because the low-end is there to center the listener. “SIRENS” is a great example. The beat builds on a rising sample of New England’s “Explorer Suite” and a blown out sample of Amanaz’s “Nsunka Lwendo” . The drums rise to the top of the sound, leaving just the bass on the bottom. With all the sound swirling atop the vocals, the listener could easily get swept up and taken out of the groove at the hands of audible chaos, but because of the strong baseline, the ear has something to return to. The bass is primarily looped underneath, and its consistent presence subtly holds the listeners ear down just enough to keep them on rhythm. It works, as does the Utopian sound. Moving chronologically, Track 5 is another one of those album-worthy songs that may not stand up outside this context. I like “GOD'S COUNTRY” , even though it isn’t a Blake Shelton cover. It ups the energy a bit coming out of “MY EYES” and leads nicely into “SIRENS”. “SIRENS” is a bit of a new look for Scott. Working with dual samples, the disjointed sample-work comes together into a beat that is plausibly within his reach but not something we’d heard prior to UTOPIA. Scott’s performance is alright for what it is. On a song like this, he just needed to keep up, lyrics go by the wayside. In many ways this is what Lil Uzi Vert was trying to accomplish on their last album. They should’ve spent some more time with Travis Scott. Back on topic, “SIRENS” finishes with a fun little skit in which Travis Scott declares his hotel room Utopia; I guess it had nothing to do with music after all. Drake time! I have never been more excited to hear Drake than when he spoke his first line on “MELTDOWN” . It must be because his and Scott’s previous collaborations include “SICKO MODE” and “Bubbly” . Immediately I am hoping for a chart-topping track 7 complete with fun verses and a beat switch. I’ll have to check back on the charts in a week, but my wishlist was otherwise covered. Drake delivers my favorite verse of his in a long while. Firing shot after shot in a voice just above a whisper, he made his mark. Travis Scott matches him, grinding along with a simple but polished trap beat. Scott uses the hook to switch up the beat a couple times and his verses keep the energy going. It’s a good sign when the artist has complete control over their audience, and Scott has claimed it at this point in the album, as track 8 rolls in. “FE!N” gives the listener no time to recover from “MELTDOWN”. The high-octane Playboi Carti feature sparks the fire that the bass-boosted beat continues to fuel. His impact is so big that it’s hard to tell it’s a Travis Scott song, in a good way. “DELRESTO (ECHOES)” is a similar situation. Travis Scott does such a great job of fusing UTOPIA and Beyonce’s RENAISSANCE , it’s hard to tell whose album this is. Scott's verse follows a classic Beyonce opening verse. He holds his own, singing the first part then rapping for the remainder of what feels more like a Travis Scott feature on a Beyonce song. If you liked Beyonce’s 2022 project, this may likely be your favorite song on UTOPIA, and the way Justin Vernon finishes it off, I couldn’t blame you one bit. THE CHAMELEON There’s a rumor that UTOPIA will be the last solo rap project Travis Scott releases. This means, supposedly, that he will turn to straight production. Naturally, upon hearing this my gut reaction was disappointment. However, as I listened to this record with that in the back of my mind, disappointment turned to excitement. This is partially because the idea of his production skills showing up more often on other artists’ projects is extremely enticing, but even more so because Travis Scott is a chameleon. UTOPIA , despite its generally laser focused soundscape and consistent stylistic choices, displays a great deal of diversity in Scott’s performances to go with subtle shifts in the production. Scott is not the most technically strong rapper, but he knows that. That’s why he often leans into his signature delivery: autotune supported by adlibs (though he shows it less on this record). However, he also has a keen awareness that this doesn’t fit every musical scenario he whips up. That’s when he, especially on this record, begins to utilize his influences. Kanye’s influence is forefront in lot’s of Scott’s rapping, but he showed more on this record. I heard Joey Bada$$'s (or is it Bada$$'$) influence down the stretch of “SKITZO” and on “LOOOVE” Scott’s performance skews towards Kid Cudi who is featured on the song. “I KNOW?” is the best example. This is the closest to an ASTROWORLD song we get on this album. It has more air in the production than the rest of the album. This calls for a more filling vocal performance, which usually results in features. Scott decides to go for no features and delivers my favorite performance of his on the album. The chorus, which provides just the right amount of breathing room for this kind of uninterrupted beat, is a page straight from Drake’s book. It sets him up for his signature delivery on the first verse, but knowing 3:30 of this can get repetitive, he switches his delivery again. For the second verse he taps into The Migos’ book, flipping back and forth between bubbly autotune and a more restrained untouched vocal painted with adlibs. He even throws in some whispered adlibs for the length of the song reminiscent of Kendrick on Mr. Morale & The Big Steppers . It’s one of the strongest songs on the album, and although it seems like it was by committee, it’s all just Travis Scott. Scott’s ability to shift around vocally not only allows him to create a more interesting solo album, theoretically, it could help him slot into more diverse features. This would be a great tool for any of his future projects as a producer who might feature on his own beats. Which reminds me, his chameleon in ability is not limited to rapping. Scott did a great job on UTOPIA of creating different sounds within his own, depending on who he had in the studio. From his NYC hardcore style sample-work on “LOST FOREVER” with the help of The Alchemist, to the perfect RENAISSANCE impression on “DELRESTO (ECHOES)”, Scott has an ability to accommodate any artist he might want to. It’s notable to say the least. Track 10, “I KNOW?” , is the second Drake feature on the album. Oh, I’m sorry, that’s just Travis Scott singing the chorus. Beyond Scott’s vocal shapeshifting, what caught my eye here is the adlibs. Scott seems to have decided to shy away from his signature autotuned-adlib delivery until “I KNOW?”. Something I didn’t see coming, and although I have no issues with his vocal deliveries in general on this album, when he executes like he does on this song his verses never fall flat. There are lots of ways to deliver energy in a rap verse, this is just Travis Scott’s most consistent shot in my opinion. Travis Scott knows how to make a really catchy song for most hip-hop audiences. Track 11 covers another audience. This is my first intentional experience with Rob49, and he brings a certain energy to the beginning of “TOPIA TWINS” . I was questioning the direction of the song when Rob49 jumped in how he did. I liked it, but there was no verse even close to that direction on UTOPIA to that point. I should’ve known 21 Savage could match it. 21 is one of the best feature rappers ever and this is no exception. He steps into the beat perfectly, bridging the admittedly different energies presented by Travis Scott and Rob49, and making “TOPIA TWINS” the fifth straight stand-alone song. Before I even get into “CIRCUS MAXIMUS” , I’ll say this makes six. I like The Weeknd and what he brings to the music industry, but when I saw his name I rolled my eyes. Scott did a really tasteful job of incorporating different sounds into his without departing what makes this album itself to this point, but I figured this was the end. The Weeknd’s sound, at its best, is ultra clean and lives in the high end of the mix. His Canadian vocals soar on top of well produced pop/r&b instrumentals. In his early days he showed the ability to touch on hip-hop, on House of Balloons especially, but that was a long time ago and he hasn’t been back there in his current form. Of course, Travis Scott pulled him right back. Swae Lee leads into track 12 nicely, and rising synths sit on top of the drums as Scott’s middling verse serves to build tension, accompanied by some background screaming. Then one of the purest voices in music today cuts in. The Weeknd provides a temporary release in tension, but the beat revamps and continues to build. The ultimate result is one of the most epic sounds on the album, and another success for Scott. In most cases on this album Scott’s ability to seamlessly accommodate an artist is what makes the song; here it’s The Weeknd’s ability to adapt, despite having an unbeatable formula within his solo work. Hats off to both artists, and Swae Lee too I suppose. THE YEEZUS EFFECT I’m tired of comparing UTOPIA to Travis Scott’s previous albums. Let’s involve one of his greatest influences for a change. Kanye West. West is no-doubt a trailblazer in the rapper/producer lane he and Travis Scott embody, as are artists like Dr. Dre, Eminem, Pharrell Williams, even El-P. The difference is this: nobody but West has touched a sound like this at this level of popularity. In 2013, as he was approaching what to this point has been his peak, West released Yeezus . Many consider this industrial hip-hop concept album to be West’s masterpiece. It set new standards across hip-hop for not only what an artist could attempt to do musically, but what they ought to attempt musically. We don’t get albums like Kendrick Lamar’s Pulitzer winning album DAMN. or Tyler The Creator’s Grammy winning album IGOR without Yeezus . I won’t pretend UTOPIA is on that level, but the musical similarities are uncanny at times; Scott was definitely channeling Kanye West’s 2013 self this year. Industrial is the key word in this comparison. Not only do both artists have a command of the music industry itself on these projects, they feel sonically like they’ve been pulled into a machine. Their gritty metallic feel is relentless throughout both projects, and while both albums tend to keep the listener on edge, their sounds are captivating. Given, there are stylistic differences between the two, as there would be with any two mammoth producers. West will never hit a triple beat switch and Scott will never sample something the way West does Nina Simone on “Blood On The Leaves” . In fact sample work is one of the biggest differentiators between the two. West often uses them for color or as an aid to the chorus, where Scott bakes them into the beat more often, especially on UTOPIA. However, on Yeezus we see West utilize samples more similar to Scott. “Sen d It Up” is one of the more underrated songs on Yeezus and it happens to be a great example. The siren that sounds and then loops becomes the basis for the entire beat as the drum machine adds rhythm and the bass supports it on alternating beats. The vocal sinks into the middle of the mix, which is unusual on Yeezus where the vocals are usually prioritized in the mix. “SIRENS” does a similar thing and perfectly encapsulates UTOPIA ’s sweetspot. The similarities don’t stop there. From Justin Vernon’s presence on both projects to the drums on “CIRCUS MAXIMUS” and “Black Skinhead” the influence is clear and the overlap is real. Listen to Travis Scott’s “Coffee Bean” and compare it to “SIRENS” or Kanye West’s “All Falls Down” and compare it to “Hold My Liquor” . Both artists were out of their prior comfort zones, and both artists overlap in the same uncharted territory ten years apart. Admittedly, Kanye West’s highpoints on Yeezus are borderline unmatched, but that’s due for the most part to the pure size of his sound. It’s just bigger, and therefore less polished at times. In fact, I wouldn’t hesitate to say Scott’s new project is the cleaner of the two. Is it better? No, but I believe it scratches an itch that Yeezus can’t, and vice versa. Kanye West walked so Travis Scott could draft in his wake and eventually run next to him. UTOPIA is that side-by-side moment. When you think of Travis Scott, there’s one other name that always comes to mind. A man who, if he’s not featured on a Scott project, leaves a gaping hole that no artist can fill. That man, of course, is Dave Chapelle. Not. I wasn’t sure what to think seeing Chapelle’s name on the feature list but I didn’t expect “PARASAIL” . A song which features Yung Lean as well. This seems like a disastrous musical combo, yet somehow Scott pulled it together into something. That thing is closer to an interlude than anything else, but it's something. Chapelle speaks of the ups and downs of fame through a murky vocal filter, and Scott and Yung Lean follow with some autotuned babbling. It’s a nice break in the sonic intensity of the last few songs and simultaneously one of the most obviously on-topic songs of the whole project. In short, track 13 is a nice touch. From the shortest to the longest track, “SKITZO” is a production clinic. Scott perfectly sets the stage for Young Thug, before taking track 14 to another level. Its twists and turns account for a little over six minutes of music, which isn't for every mood. However, in this context I think it works, and I wouldn’t be surprised to have Travis Scott fans highlight this as one of the more important tracks on UTOPIA a few years down the line. I’ll tell you why shortly. THE BEAT SWITCH On an album where Scott shied away from central elements of his previous projects, one signature tool was still present. The beat switch may be Scott’s most easily recognizable contribution to the modern rap scene. A strategy popularized by his 2018 smash hit album, ASTROWORLD , the beat switch allows an artist to change the pace, focus, and sound of the song seamlessly when executed properly. It seems like following his success everyone needed a beat switch, from Drake to Kendrick Lamar and Baby Keem. “On My Dis Side” and “SICKO MODE” are both legendary examples of Scott’s ability to execute his patented beat switches, and he added to that list this year. “MY EYES” is one of the more mellow tracks to begin with, featuring a garbled pre-chorus and stripped down instrumental. It’s touching in a way, leaning into the emotional ambience you might find on a Frank Ocean or James Blake track, but then the beat switch hits. Scott starts to pipe in filler sound in order to build the drums on the bottom of the mix. Then as the song reaches its decibel high-point he jumps in with a rap verse. The verse breaks a flow that could have become sleepy if it continued too long and raises the energy without changing the vibe of the song. Perfect execution. “MELTDOWN” provides another version of Scott’s signature strategy. Drake mentions right off the bat that tensions are rising; he’s right. The track is tightly wound and Drake’s whispered delivery adds to that effect until the second his verse ends and Scott pipes in the horns. The tension in the beat doesn’t release as the drums and baseline remain the same, but over the course of his verse Scott subtly switches the horns to the primary loop of the beat. Then he hits a full switch at the 2:30 mark. Leading himself in with the chorus, Scott jumps into his second straight verse, which escorts the listener straight through the end of one of UTOPIA ’s strongest tracks. I was thrilled to see Young Thug featured on "SKITZO". Scott set Thug up perfectly for his verse, although he should've cut his own first verse. On the positive side of things, the first beat switch provides a fairly seamless transition out of a potentially repetitive groove and bridges the second beat switch. The second switch is a more traditional Travis Scott beat switch, breaking down the beat and rebuilding it right in your ear. While Scott’s third verse isn’t much of a change of pace vocally, it moves along nicely into the third beat switch where he does provide some vocal diversity at the drop of a pin. The Joey Bada$$ style finish to “SKITZO” left me looking back to the Young Thug start. Of course I wish it was one verse shorter, but Scott’s ability to navigate between two dissimilar sides of the modern rap spectrum through a series of well-executed switches is unmatched. Travis Scott didn’t invent the beat switch, but he’s perfected it. Now for one of my proudest music listening moments of the year, “LOST FOREVER” . As track 15 rolled around, Scott pulled out a classic soul sample. This isn’t really his specialty, but the Chuck Senrick sample is executed well. After introducing the sample, he begins to build the beat, and something about the beat made me think ‘I want to hear Westside Gunn on this’. Then there he was! Clearly Scott did a great job of setting the stage for Gunn, and he delivered on the feature. It’s just a solid Pray for Paris type of song, but hearing it in slot 15 of UTOPIA really set me off (the only note I wrote was YES). “LOOOVE” is one of the most entertaining performances from Scott on the whole album. The beat is in your face, or ear, immediately and so is Travis Scott. He lays down the hook right away, then uses it to roll into his first verse before cutting the beat in favor of a weird noise break (I don’t know what else to call it). When he reintroduces the beat it’s a more tame version. It’s more listenable but because of the full restart it starts to feel a little long by the time it gets to the Kid Cudi feature. The feature is nice, but I was already moving on by the time it came. Now comes “K-POP” . Bad Bunny is the biggest artist in the world, and I get it. He’s palatable to different audiences, he’s an interesting performer, he seems to be a nice young man, but frankly his music is just fine to me. He is the benefactor (or victim) of mass appeal which locks him in a certain lane that scratches no particular itch of mine. He is better than other artists who fall into that category, but his feature doesn’t excite me. “K-POP”, despite a second solid performance from The Weeknd, slots right in with nearly any other Bad Bunny song. It’s fine. “TELEKINESIS” is essentially the US hip hop/r&b version of its predecessor. Future is another one of those sonically inoffensive artists that gets by formulaically. While I prefer his best songs to Bad Bunny, this song falls shorter than his. The SZA feature at the tail end is a nice touch, but if you spray the bathroom with Febreze and don’t flush, you aren’t really solving the problem. THE COMPLAINTS This has been an almost entirely positive review because I really enjoyed the album and am pleased with the result. However, because I have a holistically pessimistic outlook on the world, I have to interject with some negativity. This seems like as good a place as any. First, as someone who clearly put a lot of thought into album curation, why are Travis Scott’s transitions occasionally awful? A loosely themed album like UTOPIA doesn’t necessarily have to flow perfectly, but the transitions between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and 11 and 12 are completely disjointed. I could go on but I’ll keep it simple: it’s baffling. Second, Scott does a fantastic job of feature placement for most of the album, until he doesn’t. The features from Teezo Touchdown , Drake, Beyonce, Young Thug, Westside Gunn, 21 Savage, and of course James Blake are all placed perfectly. However, on tracks 16-18 it falls apart. Kid Cudi is always welcome, and Scott does cater his vocal performance towards Cudi, but realistically his verse could have been any rapper. “LOOOVE” was not constructed in a way that Cudi’s price tag could justify anything he might add. I would rather have seen that go towards a feature on “I KNOW?”. Don Toliver would’ve been perfect. “LOOOVE” is immediately followed by “K-POP”. ‘Bad Bunny and The Weeknd on the same song, that’s the biggest artist in the world and one of the biggest in the US, it’ll be a smash hit!’. That’s exactly, to the word, what Travis Scott said (in my head) when his label superiors handed him those features to work with. Track 17 feels inorganic and off theme. It’s a fine song, but, with two artists of that caliber and level of popularity, “K-POP” couldn’t have been bad. At the end of the day, the box is checked and as listeners we can move on without much thought. Then, there’s the crime that’s “TELEKINESIS”. Future is a fine rapper. He has a generally leisurely autotune-heavy delivery which contrasts perfectly with his lyrical messages. This delivery works very well in certain settings, particularly when the beat forms a perfect pocket for him to sit in. If that doesn’t make sense listen to “The Percocet & Stripper Joint” (fun name) or “Colossal” . Both great examples of him riding a beat to its completion, which is why he works well with a producer like Zaytoven. However, when he doesn’t have one of those comfortable pockets he accounts for some of the most boring, uninspiring, middling rap music known to the mainstream, and it’s well known. Travis Scott knows how known Future is, and he knows that a good way to get an audience through the 18th song of a 19 song album is to plug him and SZA back there. Mr. Scott, you're absolutely correct in this assumption; but, as a friend, next time you want to throw SZA (who kills every feature) on a song for streams, please don’t make it such a boring one. That’s all. “TILL FURTHER NOTICE” is a great title for what could be Travis Scott’s last song on a solo rap album. It certainly left a good taste in my mouth, which is the key for a song like this. 21 Savage lays down his second great feature of the album, better than the first, and James Blake’s feature is a great touch. Blake is probably my favorite Travis Scott collaborator. His production credits tend to pop up on great Scott songs and they feature nicely on one another's projects. “STOP TRYING TO BE GOD” and “Mile High” are great songs. Basically, he’s a great person to help usher out this era of Travis Scott. Scott’s last verse is nothing crazy, but like most of his Utopian performances, it’s solid. It makes me want more, but simultaneously leaves me excited for his next step; to me that’s a great finish. If you’re not tired of me yet, let me wrap things up for you. Travis Scott’s 2023 release was one of the most anticipated albums of the year, and one of the most anticipated rap albums of the last three years. I think he safely slots into a category occupied by artists like Kanye West, Kendrick Lamar, J Cole, and Drake. Looking at the releases from these artists the last three years, Donda and Donda 2 , Mr. Morale & The Big Steppers , The Offseason , and Certified Lover Boy , Honestly Nevermind , and Her Loss respectively, I think UTOPIA is the strongest. Scott continued to take steps forward, with the awareness that he didn’t need to part with his comfort zone. Does he have the lyrical and thematic focus of Lamar or Cole? No. Does he have the industry firepower of West? Not quite. Does he have the rabid audience of Drake? No. But he has enough of all three and more, and that places him atop these albums. UTOPIA is an album that simultaneously thrives in consistency and diversity. This is a formula that serves the greatest musical acts of all time, from The Rolling Stones to D’Angelo. All I’m saying is Scott is on the right track. It’s not ground-breaking, it may not be a top album of the year, it probably isn’t his best, but it's solid. I’d encourage anyone to give it a listen, unless you want 19 songs worth of Dave Chapelle. There’s only one on this album. UTOPIA is a 7.5/10
- GRAMMYS ON TRIAL | The Culture Gyre
ROCK'S PATH FORWARD BY: Ian Sherry 3/22/2023 HEADLINE: Rock is no longer the most popular genre. I could go on and on about the downward trend of the former super-genre. However, to be prompt I’ll simplify it to this: after being the dominant genre of the 70s and 80s and the 90s to an extent, mainstream rock sat too comfortably headed into the age of computers, autotune, and one-trick production brought on by the 2000s. The result is two decades of uninspired pop-rock (a real and pitiful genre in my opinion) and an experimental rock reaction, which often tries too hard to be different and not enough to be good. I could name a lackluster band like Imagine Dragons here, but I won’t because I’m a nice guy. This is all, of course, generalization, but the rising consensus is that rock is in serious trouble. Everyday the internet's ‘hot takes’ become more condemning towards the genre, with many declaring it dead. These claims gain credibility through validation from well-respected critics like Anthony Fantano. Fantano is not anti-rock, he’s realistic. Not only are these opinions reasonable, they are fairly true. Rock’s days as the number one genre are done for the foreseeable future and for good reason. For a long time rock was associated with pop, but pop is often just a reflection or variation of the most prolific and replicable style of music at the moment. So, with pop shifted in a non-rock direction, rock has become limited by its lack of reputable neighboring genres. However, rock is not dead as a genre, and, while I could point to countless contemporary artists and projects, I choose one man: Jack White. If I could have a conversation with the genre of rock I would request the following: steer away from pop (it will find you), dip into other contemporary genres, and don’t be afraid to draw from wherever you want. In 2022, Jack White did all of that and more. His two albums Fear Of The Dawn and Entering Heaven Alive cover all the bases and showcase his mega-talented studio presence. Between the two of them they display aspects of folk, hip-hop, and a plethora of rock sub-genres; I’ve even picked up on some reggae influence in songs like “Esophobia” and “All Along The Way”. There’s also a wide variety of emotions and themes, something White has employed since his White Stripes’ days. I know that all sounds fantastic, so allow me to elaborate. “Taking Me Back” is the first song on Fear Of The Dawn and “Taking Me Back (Gently)” is the last song on Entering Heaven Alive. Often artists will give you two versions of one song on the same album, with rap you may get a remix or instrumental version and with other genres, artists will often tack on an acoustic version. What White did here is less common. He took the same song lyrics and some of the bones, and stripped everything else, rebuilding it nearly from scratch. The original is a hard rocking loud track that leads into Fear Of The Dawn perfectly. It sets the pace of the album and introduces some of the tools he’ll use throughout it. My favorite is this sputtering guitar that cuts overtop the instrumental intermittently in this song and some others on the album. It seems like his equivalent of a record scratch and it brings energy every time it's used, breaking down layers of instrumentals that would’ve been overly dense otherwise. “Taking Me Back (Gently)” is much simpler. The rhythm is slightly different and the instrumental is more relaxed without killing the energy of the track. While it’s less of a standout in the scope of the entire album, it is a really enjoyable song with an energetic violin and a lengthy instrumental break that entertains and provides breathing room that the original version lacked. By including these two songs, and placing them on either end of the albums, White bookends his 2022 releases and puts an undeniable emphasis on the diversity between the two. He also showcases the kind of energy each album possesses, so if you’re deciding which to listen to first, I would suggest starting with these tracks to help you decide. “I’ve Got You Surrounded (With My Love)” is my pick for the best song on Entering Heaven Alive. It is a fantastic groove that uses a heavy bassline to give the track pace and depth. Over the top, White layers keyboard and a buzzy guitar as well as vocals that sound like they’re in the other room (in a good way). All these elements are mixed perfectly to create a unique atmosphere complete with well timed instrumental breaks. It is a 4:25 minute song that feels like two minutes, which is a great sign. A big reason for that is the song’s structure. There are technically two verses, with only two lines each, and two bridges, as well as several variations on the catchy chorus that works as a transition between unique instrumental breaks. What stands out when listening to these albums is Jack White’s creative abilities in the studio, but “I’ve Got You Surrounded (With My Love)” is a songwriting clinic. One of the biggest complaints about rock recently is its inability, or more accurately, its tendency, not to branch out into other genres. On “Hi-De-Ho”, featuring Q-Tip, White takes that step outside the confines of traditional rock stylings without departing from his aesthetic. The track opens with an impressive intro from that same buzzy electric guitar followed by a sample of Cab Calloway’s “Hi-De-Ho Man”. After about 1:20 of what can only be described as confusion, the baseline drops in and so does Q-Tip. He just flows over the looped baseline while drums roll over the top. Simple, but effective. Then White joins in on the bridge for some moaning vocals, that mainly serves to cut the track before it gets too repetitive, before riding out on the same catchy looped beat. It’s a fun song with lots for a listener to easily unpack, and on top of that, I enjoyed the Q-Tip feature which is frankly unusual. “Into The Twilight” is my favorite song on Fear Of The Dawn. It has the wailing guitar of “Taking Me Back” and the energy of “Hi-De-Ho”. It jumps in with another great baseline, a gentle piano riff, and that same guitar sputter. The vocals are kept to a minimum and the focus is on the rising and falling synths and various soundbytes that White weaves in. Brief samples of The Manhattan Transfer are twisted and woven throughout, being used to cut through the heavy guitar and replace the need for verses or bridges. On the way to the conclusion of the song the entire instrumental is torn down before being built up layer by layer. The chorus repeats one more time and it rides out on what feels like a fun improvised keyboard. But, nothing is improvised in this song. It is perfectly mixed and cut, showing a level of expertise Jack White seems to always have in his back pocket. Listening to an artist like Jack White forces me to understand I belong on this end of the music business. Because, I can’t fathom doing what he does in the studio; a depressing thought that is often washed away immediately by pure sonic pleasure. White, to me, should be the prototype for a genre that desperately needs innovation. His ability to involve traditionally genre-specific techniques without leaving his own stylistic comfort zone might be unique to him, but his willingness to try it shouldn’t be. Rock is not dead, but it needs help. In 2022, whether he meant to or not, Jack White gave the genre what it needed. It’s up to his peers to follow suit.
- GADABOUT SEASON | The Culture Gyre
Forever Howlong: OK, Now Everyone Play At Once! By Ian Sherry 4/16/2025 Black Country, New Road’s newest project, Forever Howlong , is every bit as creatively constipated and authentically heady as their last cult favorite. In 2022 Black Country, New Road struck a 7 on the alt-rock Richter Scale with their second studio album, Ants from Up There . I listened, my head spun, and I moved on. At the time it wasn’t something I felt ready to formally rate as my thoughts didn’t match my friends’ positive ravings, but Pitchfork awarded it a 8.4 (and Rolling Stone currently has not 1, not 2, but 3 stories about Donald Trump on its homepage – just read The Culture Gyre instead). Now, I’ve got 3 years of patience and unwaveringly correct opinions under the belt I’m wearing to this BCNR review; let’s see what they brought. The density of the Black Country, New Road sound is what makes it so polarizing. While the reception of their music has been overwhelmingly positive, confused and overwhelmed appreciation is the dominant sentiment. I believe I’m starting to see through the haze (or hear rather). A true British situation, the BCNR instrumental repertoire includes drums, piano, sax, and a truckload of strings – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass, banjo, and violin. In true folk style, they use that litany of stringed instruments to form a steady sonic bed under the rotation of lead vocalists. From there, tradition is thrown to the wind. On Forever Howlong , the budding sextet of creatives leaned into their art-rock sensibilities in the absence of Isaac Wood, the gravitational center of their last sonic system. With their lead singer and strongest guitarist stepping aside, Black Country, New Road has begun to drift further from contemporary song structure. This record is defined by striking shifts within tracks that are dictated more by lyrical content than rhythmic progressions. The West Coast art-pop scene of the 60s and 70s lived by a similar code. Their dramatics were more so the product of free will than the type of musical reasoning BCNR operates with, however, the results are a bit too similar. Dramatic shifts between or within songs, which were a common issue on those LSD records, became an inexplicable normality on Forever Howlong . The stop-and-go is likely intended to draw the listener in, but the overuse of these atypical progressions makes for a laborious listening experience. “Socks” and “For the Cold Country” took years off my life. Luckily, BCNR has the power to give those years back. Just as soon as “Socks” pushed my face in the dirt, the pleasant build of “Salem Sisters” lifted my back up. A refreshingly decipherable and sprightly instrumental, a bit of solid structure, and beautifully done background vocals throughout the entirety of a track is all it took for me to buy into Black Country, New Road 4 songs in. When organized sonic clutter presents itself effectively, the results often feel elevated from an average band’s sound, but a balance is needed. The abstract needs normalcy to define itself, and BCNR checks that box when absolutely needed. Forever Howlong provides just enough straightforward material to anchor the rest of its content, and “Mary” is the perfect example. The instrumental bones are as simple as any track on the record and with that easy synchronicity on display, the group vocalists are free to steal the show as they deliver one of the record’s most powerful performative stretches over the final third of track 6. Some of their best displays of talent came just like that – naturally. On an album where they’ve clearly reconfigured to fill a Wood-shaped hole, it often feels like BCNR is chasing the dragon of bombastic songs like “The Place Where He Inserted The Blade.” The instinct to mimic one’s best work is tempting, but they don’t need to force conceptual complexity to make high level music. That’s obvious on the title track, which affords the rare opportunity for the listener to sit back and experience Black Country, New Road creating without having that creation thrust in our faces. “Forever Howlong” throws zero curveballs, stays within itself, shows just enough life on the bridge, and concludes with a quality finish, all to beg the question: why don’t they approach every track like this? I’ve got two answers, “Two Horses” and “Nancy Tries to Take the Night.” The first dreamily starts with a singular guitar and some lovely voices, then a whistle and a second guitar that continue to lull the listener through the 2-minute-mark when the track begins to come to life. It takes off fully at 3:00 when a firm bassline, dual guitars, and flourishing high keys flood the airwaves in perfect unison for an organically incredible sonic highpoint the likes of which I’d yet to hear across any of their work. The second begins with a 2-minute-long, guitar-forward introduction that gives way to a temporarily Adrienne Lenker-like vocal performance, before the song morphs into a tight, beat-like instrumental that continuously and relentlessly builds on itself before finally relinquishing to a theatrical minute-long vocal conclusion. It’s a ridiculous but inexplicably well-executed example of the musical behavior I’ve been trying to discourage. Sonic maximalism and track-to-track overambition plague this record but result in songs like those, which makes it much harder to condemn the approach. While the pursuit of 10/10 tracks feels forced on the majority of songs, Black Country, New Road is able to justify those pursuits, even within the songs that suffer from them. This record feels like a step back, but not the permanent kind. Wood’s guitar feels fairly irreplaceable at this point, but the trio of vocalists, Tyler Hyde, May Kershaw, and Georgia Ellery, was extremely effective, and their group vocal ability adds more to the sound than Wood’s vocal persona could alone. The balance of instrumental complexity and dynamic vocals led to their strongest work when properly struck, but the many lengthy intros tend to expose a less complex sonic palate that their structurally ambitious songs work to mask or overcome. Further mastery of their many moving parts and a matured understanding of listenability could result in their best record, but a deepened obsession with sonic maximalism and out-of-the-box track development may lead them down a path of creative anti-progress. Black Country, New Road: professional line-toers. Forever Howlong is a 7.6 .
- PINK FRIDAY 2 | The Culture Gyre
A Perfectly Timely Review of Head of the Love Club BY: Ian Sherry 5/22/23 I discovered Hänlyn shortly after the release of this EP and after spending the last few months listening to her I decided she was the final piece to an article I’ve been wanting to write for some time. As I attempted to properly unpack Gretel Hänlyn’s talent in her section of “Putting You On Three” , I realized this EP needed its own review. So, months after the release, it’s here. On March 13, 2023 Gretel Hänlyn released her sophomore EP Head of the Love Club. Gretel Hänlyn’s debut Slugeye showcased a clearly defined and developed sound coming from a talented artist. Its production, song structure, and stylistic flexibility, (all things young artists often struggle with) were all standout quality. She thrived when creating complicated soundscapes and then singing right down the middle of them, allowing the music itself to shine while her voice pulls everything together. It was a musically diverse and well-rounded EP, but after this most recent release it feels safe. Gretel Hänlyn’s 2023 Head of the Love Club is exciting to say the least. Let me tell you why. “Dry Me” is a perfect start. Immediately Hänlyn brings an intensity, both vocally and instrumentally, she’s never shown before. She ranges up and down vocally within lines, hitting highs and lows in just one sentence. The vocal performance itself pulls the listener in close through the 1:30 mark, at which point she begins to build tension. Rising synths and a repeated acoustic guitar progression lead to the payoff at the 2:45 mark: her voice reaches peak intensity, and heavy piano slams in the low end along with the drums as a much lighter piano riff is sprinkled over the top. The intense soundscape provides the perfect release of tension, and though it lasts just over 15 seconds, it is a fantastic preview of things to come. Moving chronologically, “Drive” puts this EP in motion. Employing a lot of the keys to the success of Wet Legs debut project, Hänlyn nails the more raw end of this modern indie pop sound. The electric baseline rolls over and over, setting the pace alongside punchy drums. Her buzzy spoken vocals sit on top, letting simplicity command the audience’s attention, until the chorus serves as a well-timed interjection. She brings in poppy feminine vocals and electric guitar to do so. Sending the audience seamlessly in and out of witty verses is essential, especially with these kinds of spoken vocals, which can wear down an audience over long terms of exposure. “Drive” is a challenge, but a simple and effective one: Hänlyn is bringing the energy and you have to absorb it. “King of Nothing” immediately addresses the other end of the modern indie pop spectrum, and its placement directly behind “Drive” feels like no mistake. To use a literary term, it is essentially a foil of its predecessor. The baseline rolls just like before, but the distortion from the previous verses’ baseline is placed on the chorus’ guitar in “King of Nothing”. The distortion is also removed from the vocals, and the higher, more delicate layered vocals take hold of the verses instead of the choruses like before. Using a similar song structure to boot, Hänlyn is able to create a completely different sound with just a few small switches. Whether or not this particular contrast is intentional, Hänlyn’s technical and artistic abilities are on full display with “King of Nothing”. “Wiggy” provides more of a stylistic continuation than the previous transitions. Hänlyn amps up the vocal layering. The song moves along nicely, once again being subtly guided by the baseline. She uses the higher pitched guitar to insert air into the track by separating the upper and lower ends of the mix. Together, these factors create a very catchy sound. For most of the song she layers the instrumental up and down more seamlessly than any of her other work, even to a fault as the final chorus is frankly built up too much. While it doesn’t have the most sonically pleasing conclusion, track 4 is another detail-oriented success that transports the audience to a happy wiggy world. Yet another stylistic swerve, “Little Vampire” revisits the Slugeye vibe. Using acoustic guitar and drowsy vocals (a combo that reminds me a lot of Nirvana), Hänlyn begins to build tension like she does so well on this EP. As the song progresses, a buzzing sound creeps up and she begins to mix in eerily delicate vocals. She even sprinkles in some keys in place of vocals. As the buzzing persists and the wall of tension continues to build, her delicate vocals start to feel crushed under the weight of what’s coming. Then, the song ends. Gretel Hänlyn knows exactly what she’s doing. She knows how well she builds tension. She knows the power of her vocals to set the mood. She knows that her command over the mix only adds to that mood. And she uses this knowledge to trick us: leaving her audience with a conclusion that should be unsatisfying, yet somehow is completely the opposite. “Little Vampire” might not be the most exciting song on Head of the Love Club , but it's a masterpiece. Hänlyn knows that too. “The Head of the Love Club” is probably the worst song on the album. It begins with a grinding distorted guitar and it continues without much pause for 2 minutes. It is just too much. The points where it releases and is replaced with a pleasant baseline are very enjoyable, but it's not nearly worth the payoff. It also disrupts the flow of the song, preventing the instrumental from building properly, removing any chance for airiness, and taking away from an enjoyable vocal performance. I know what Hänlyn was going for, but the result is disappointing, especially considering she successfully executes this concept elsewhere in this EP. Thankfully, “Easy Peeler” is a complete release of tension. Weaving in three different acoustic guitars at some points, Hänlyn creates an elegant sound. Her beautiful vocals only add to it. She adds an electric guitar on the chorus and later verses, ensuring she won’t lose that familiar low end, as she thrives atop the mix. My only gripe with this song is its occasional struggles layering the instrumental, however she nails it on the last try. She lets the vocals rest a bit longer on the last attempt, allowing herself time to layer the final high point, piece by piece, and give this pretty song the ending it deserves. “Today (Can’t Help but Cry)” is as good of a conclusion as “Dry Me” is a start. The sharp contrast between the two allows the audience to reflect on the 26 minute journey as they enjoy the Kate Bush-like world Hänlyn creates down the stretch of this final track. A classic indie pop intro is followed by soaring verses. She clears out any distortion in favor of echoing vocals, for a dreamy sound. Hänlyn sings in stride with the music on this track. Instead of looking for a pocket in the mix for her vocals, she floats alongside it. She minimizes the instrumentation of the bridge in favor of those echoed vocals, before bringing it back to ride out the album. She lets the audience admire this soundscape as it fades away, taking her 2023 EP with it. My initial thoughts centered around how many risks she took considering the quality and consistency of her first EP. However, I now realize that for Hänlyn, executing risks comes naturally. She stays within her abilities, and those abilities are responsible for one of my favorite releases of the year. Things like building tension, mid-line tone shifting, vocal layering, and messing around with song structure, are occasional tools for most artists (something to try once in a while for effect). For Gretel Hänlyn they are an integral part of her sound. She is so advanced, it's hard to believe her streaming numbers aren’t higher, but it won’t be long. Of course, there are kinks to work out on this EP, but to me, they feel like the musical equivalent to first-world problems. There is one glaring miss on this album, but there are so many good things to unpack, even on that song, I have no problem looking by it (except when I’m rating). If you haven’t listened to Head of the Love Club please do, and if you haven’t heard of Gretel Hänlyn, you’re welcome. Head of the Love Club is a 9.25/10. Suggested Listening Balance
- DEFINATELY MAYBE | The Culture Gyre
Even More Gecs (10,000) BY: Ian Sherry 4/1 /23 On March 17, 2023, 100 Gecs released their sophomore album 10,000 Gecs. Following the release of their debut album 1,000 Gecs, the St. Louis native duo, Laura Les and Dylan Brady, has become one of the most polarizing and impactful groups of the last five years. Hyperpop is a genre born from a combination of internet culture, and the mistaken notion that music can’t progress beyond its current stylistic barriers. In many ways it is the Gen Z equivalent of the punk movement of the mid-70s that serves to demolish the assumption that there are no more musical worlds to conquer. The impact of 100 Gecs on their audience is immeasurable, and I suspect their influence will be felt more and more in the mainstream over decades to come because of their impact on the young, underground scene. Despite all of this, 100 Gecs has much to prove entering 2023. Like many of the albums I review, they face numerous questions, but, unlike other reviews, their questions include: Is this real music? Will they use real instruments? And most importantly, what is a gec? Because their first album often sounds like it was composed using a microwave, autotune, amber alerts, and a drum machine, these questions aren’t unreasonable. And while they don’t care much about answering anyone’s questions regarding stylistic choices, 100 Gecs did a good job of cementing themselves as the ambitiously creative musicians that their audience swears by. As a listener it’s easy to dismiss the chaos of 100 Gecs as accidental, but I can assure you it’s a choice. They have a plethora of influences which only became more obvious with this year's release. Being from St. Louis, midwest emo is a natural inspiration for them, but they do a great job of incorporating elements of punk, pop-punk, and ska on this record; and for a group that can be intentionally offensive to the ears on occasion, they incorporate their various influences tastefully and in different ways. For instance “Hollywood Baby” is a straightforward emo-pop song. They enter a genre which suffers from over-replication and put their own spin on it. It’s simple but enjoyable and it was received very well, making it a great choice for one of their leading singles. They also include “Billy Knows Jamie”, a grinding punk song with wailing guitars, a variety of equally intense vocal deliveries, and a death metal break (if death metal can be considered a break) at the end of the song. “Billy Knows Jamie” is a shift in mood and lyrical content as well as music and it showcases their ability to convey emotion even with their unconventional sound. One observation, if not critique, of their first album was their only two moods were ecstatic highs and lows that cried for help. Along with their music, the emotion infused in every song has become more diverse. “Dumbest Girl Alive”, the first song on the album, gives a taste of that emotion. It provides a window into the performer’s struggles with self worth and does so very matter-of-factly. “I'm smarter than I look, I'm the dumbest girl alive”. They aren’t asking for pity, they’re giving an honest assessment of their character, however concerning it may be. 100 Gecs not only makes music young people enjoy, they accurately represent a problem that many internet-era teens struggle with, and they do so on a catchy track. Maybe the catchiest track on the entire album is “Doritos & Fritos”. It is the first taste of the ska on the 2023 record, something they haven’t shown much before but are clearly comfortable executing. It has that signature upbeat baseline of the 90s genre along with verses that flow really well and choruses that are perfectly timed. The guitar solo bridge adds to an already enjoyable song by keeping the energy going while also providing a welcome pause in the vocal action. However, what makes this song great to me, is the attention to detail in the production. Their previous album certainly didn’t lack excitement, but it did fail to provide breathing room in a lot of the tracks. The mixes often blended together because of the countless minute soundbytes mashed into a beat. “Doritos & Fritos” does a great job of using lengthier instrumental clips and an added focus on layering within the mix, to create a really full sound while falling short of overwhelming the listener or spiraling into sonic disorder. This is encouraging as a fan because it shows not only an improvement in skill level, but a willingness to shift their style without conforming or losing their sound. In true 100 Gecs fashion, the most emotionally raw track is called “I Got My Tooth Removed”. It’s a silly fun little song that incorporates the best parts of “Dumbest Girl Alive” and “Doritos & Fritos”, with both masked and forefront emotions to go with an upbeat experimental ska sound. It starts with an emotional, instrumentally stripped down, vocal intro that establishes the conflict (tooth removal) before jumping into the loud ska jam. The pace is fantastic, and once again, their variety of vocal deliveries are essential, along with the horns of the chorus that keep it moving along without becoming repetitive. However, what I like most is the tooth removal narrative. It is a metaphor for the inevitable end to a toxic relationship and they don’t try to hide it. Their choice to design the song how they did reflects the attitude of someone who is hinting at something heavy, but choosing to bury it in favor of positivity. The metaphor is present throughout the song but 100 Gecs' rarely emphasizes their lyrics or vocals, so the narrative can be easily ignored, and that is exactly what they want. 10,000 Gecs is a definite improvement. Despite the success of their debut, they had lots to work on, and that’s what they did. They improved their vocal skill and diversified their deliveries. They employed more airy, smooth production and layering, which made for more palatable sonic highpoints. Their songwriting vastly improved. And, they spread their influences and inspirations over the course of entire songs, instead of a matter of seconds. 100 Gecs, as pioneers of a young genre in need of refining, had a lot of responsibility to deliver in 2023, and even with “Frog On The Floor” (a straight up dumb song) they did. And for those concerned they may have changed too much, allow me to point you in the direction of “757”, “One Million Dollars”, and “mememe”. If it’s not for you that’s understandable, but Gecs will always be Gecs, don’t worry. There’s still room for improvement, and when stacked up against other big-time releases their lack of seriousness on some tracks can hold them back. But their ceiling is higher than they get credit for and I think they proved that this year. 10,000 Gecs is a 7.75/10.
- MAN'S BEST FRIEND | The Culture Gyre
Durand Jones Goes Solo: Wait Til I Get Over BY: Ian Sherry 5/29/23 On May 5, 2023 Durand Jones released Wait Til I Get Over . Over the past five years Durand Jones & The Indications have been making great music. Their 2018 debut self titled album is great, their 2019 American Love Call is easily my favorite contemporary soul album, and their 2021 Private Space is a stylistic swerve done the right way. Now, we get Durand Jones’ first solo album. This doesn’t signal the end of the band. No, Jones made it clear on several occasions leading into his 2023 release that it was a deeply personal project, one that he needed to do himself. Durand Jones’ lack of Indications both intrigued and concerned me. The Indications thrive because of three general strengths (outside of Durand Jones): songwriting, consistently strong musical performances, and Aaron Frazer. Without the rest of his band, could Jones replicate these strengths? After all, the best bands’ songwriting is often a group effort, The Beatles or Queen for example, and Jones is just one man. That throwback sound the band revitalizes in such a refreshing way is difficult to capture, and attempting to recreate that same magic without them would be difficult. Aaron Frazer is The Indications' secret weapon, whose occasional lead vocals provide a great deal of variety, and whose help on choruses or ensemble vocal performances with Jones solidifies the uniqueness of the band's sound. Frazer is absent from this project. However, that was the point, and any of the resulting missteps on Wait Til I Get Over were a part of the calculated risk Durand Jones took going solo this year. So now, the results of his risk: Frankly, I have lots of critiques to roll out, but I'd like to start on a positive note. I love Aaron Frazer, and I was hoping for at least a feature from him; but he’s not needed. Durand Jones is a dynamic vocalist, able to carry nearly any tune and elevate even the most instrumentally bland music. Without that, this album would really struggle, lucky for Jones he can sing. Actually, he’s not lucky, just good. It's easy to say so, considering the songwriting on this album may be his strongest yet. Detailing the struggles of his people in the South and his own internal journey, Jones does a great job of using themes like community to fuel feelings like hope for a well-rounded yet fittingly unfinished narrative. While the narrative is cohesive, the stylistic choices are not. On the first three songs, Jones touches on three very different sounds. This can be done really well, but in this case it feels disjointed. “Gerri Marie” is a solid intro that sets a scene and vibe with Durand Jones and a piano. That’s it, but its simplicity is its strength. However, post the first interlude (track 2), this vibe is deleted by “Lord Have Mercy”. A jaunty sort of Bayou Rock song, it’s the first of a new Durand Jones sound, one that needs a lot of work. It effectively introduces the most unfortunate recurring theme of this album: poor instrumental production and vocal mixing. The instrumental layering is cluttered and a weird buzzy finish lays over everything, including Jones’ vocals. Yet, on the very next track, “Sadie”, Jones temporarily abandons his theme of musical mediocrity. It is a strong song in every way. Great hooks, choruses, and instrumental backing and breaks, it has all the makings of an Indications classic. So why not make that a theme? I think a look at track 5 can answer that question. "I Want You” is another Indications-worthy track musically, as well as a Jones masterclass vocally. He mixes in powerful background vocals at just the right moments and spoken pieces mid-verse, two things seldom seen, if ever, with his band. He is in his creative zone, stretching his attention to every aspect of the sound he wants to encapsulate. But, stretch is the key word. For the length of the song, every couple beats, there is a strange crashing sound. It's some sort of percussion, and it should have been any other kind of percussion, as keeping pace seems to be its sole purpose. But he chose this sound. A decision that doesn’t ruin the song completely, but one that, along with an occasionally jumbled bottom to the mix and an instrumental layering failure down the stretch of the song, can remove a distracted listener from the otherwise powerful tune. Durand Jones is a member of a great band, and great bands don’t let things like that slip through the cracks, but once again, he is just one man. These seemingly careless miscues continue through the album, and honestly, highlighting all of them is trivial. From the drowning of a strong communal vocal performance on “Wait Til I Get Over” to the alarmingly unfit feature on “Someday We’ll All Be Free” or the failure to catch a groove on “Letter To My 17 Year Old Self”, Jones misses opportunities to properly support his beautiful writing and vocal performances. However, he does not miss on “That Feeling”. Durand Jones is a bisexual black man from the South. That means both everything and nothing to this song. To my knowledge, it’s the first time he sings about another man, and he does so against that backdrop he spent so much time constructing. However, as he eases into this particular narrative, everything fades away. It doesn’t matter who he is speaking to, it’s beautiful. A story of wasted potential, told through a nostalgic lens, with that familiar hope and determination, “That Feeling” is love. It’s also the best song on the album. With raw vocals and a classic instrumental intro, Jones eases into the rhythm just as he does the narrative. Layering keys and guitar, he elevates the sound to the highest point of the album in stride with his words, before stripping it down to deliver a message: he and the love inside him aren't going anywhere. With the message delivered and the love story completed, Jones takes the last minutes to elevate one more time, leaving the audience with a powerful combination image and sound. Jones thrives in simplicity on this album, “Secrets” is a good final example. A piano and some voices are all he needed to close his 2023 release. Waves crash against a shore for the last two minutes, washing away the song and this, simply put, unique album. I hope it's unique for several reasons. First, Durand Jones is better than this. But, on top of that, he needed to get something out of his system. For his sake, I like to think he’s satisfied that need, at least enough to clean up any remaining loose ends with The Indications (in more ways than one). This album is messy. The production and mixing are scarily bad at times, as if he needed a reminder that the old days are supposed to be represented by the narrative, not the sound equipment. Jones also struggles to hitch a stylistic ride all the way through. This is fine for an EP, but for an album with a decisive theme, flow is essential. Yet, while it's easy to nitpick my way through this album, it's also easy to get lost in what Jones does well. He is an exceptional songwriter, a skill rivaled only by his vocal abilities. Those two strengths specifically can carry an album, and this is certainly one of those cases. I love Durand Jones, I am excited to see what he does next, and I believe the worst he can do is average. This album, all things considered, is just average. Wait Til I Get Over is a 5.25/10.
- 10,000 GECS | The Culture Gyre
Forever Howlong: OK, Now Everyone Play At Once! By Ian Sherry 4/16/2025 Black Country, New Road’s newest project, Forever Howlong , is every bit as creatively constipated and authentically heady as their last cult favorite. In 2022 Black Country, New Road struck a 7 on the alt-rock Richter Scale with their second studio album, Ants from Up There . I listened, my head spun, and I moved on. At the time it wasn’t something I felt ready to formally rate as my thoughts didn’t match my friends’ positive ravings, but Pitchfork awarded it a 8.4 (and Rolling Stone currently has not 1, not 2, but 3 stories about Donald Trump on its homepage – just read The Culture Gyre instead). Now, I’ve got 3 years of patience and unwaveringly correct opinions under the belt I’m wearing to this BCNR review; let’s see what they brought. The density of the Black Country, New Road sound is what makes it so polarizing. While the reception of their music has been overwhelmingly positive, confused and overwhelmed appreciation is the dominant sentiment. I believe I’m starting to see through the haze (or hear rather). A true British situation, the BCNR instrumental repertoire includes drums, piano, sax, and a truckload of strings – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass, banjo, and violin. In true folk style, they use that litany of stringed instruments to form a steady sonic bed under the rotation of lead vocalists. From there, tradition is thrown to the wind. On Forever Howlong , the budding sextet of creatives leaned into their art-rock sensibilities in the absence of Isaac Wood, the gravitational center of their last sonic system. With their lead singer and strongest guitarist stepping aside, Black Country, New Road has begun to drift further from contemporary song structure. This record is defined by striking shifts within tracks that are dictated more by lyrical content than rhythmic progressions. The West Coast art-pop scene of the 60s and 70s lived by a similar code. Their dramatics were more so the product of free will than the type of musical reasoning BCNR operates with, however, the results are a bit too similar. Dramatic shifts between or within songs, which were a common issue on those LSD records, became an inexplicable normality on Forever Howlong . The stop-and-go is likely intended to draw the listener in, but the overuse of these atypical progressions makes for a laborious listening experience. “Socks” and “For the Cold Country” took years off my life. Luckily, BCNR has the power to give those years back. Just as soon as “Socks” pushed my face in the dirt, the pleasant build of “Salem Sisters” lifted my back up. A refreshingly decipherable and sprightly instrumental, a bit of solid structure, and beautifully done background vocals throughout the entirety of a track is all it took for me to buy into Black Country, New Road 4 songs in. When organized sonic clutter presents itself effectively, the results often feel elevated from an average band’s sound, but a balance is needed. The abstract needs normalcy to define itself, and BCNR checks that box when absolutely needed. Forever Howlong provides just enough straightforward material to anchor the rest of its content, and “Mary” is the perfect example. The instrumental bones are as simple as any track on the record and with that easy synchronicity on display, the group vocalists are free to steal the show as they deliver one of the record’s most powerful performative stretches over the final third of track 6. Some of their best displays of talent came just like that – naturally. On an album where they’ve clearly reconfigured to fill a Wood-shaped hole, it often feels like BCNR is chasing the dragon of bombastic songs like “The Place Where He Inserted The Blade.” The instinct to mimic one’s best work is tempting, but they don’t need to force conceptual complexity to make high level music. That’s obvious on the title track, which affords the rare opportunity for the listener to sit back and experience Black Country, New Road creating without having that creation thrust in our faces. “Forever Howlong” throws zero curveballs, stays within itself, shows just enough life on the bridge, and concludes with a quality finish, all to beg the question: why don’t they approach every track like this? I’ve got two answers, “Two Horses” and “Nancy Tries to Take the Night.” The first dreamily starts with a singular guitar and some lovely voices, then a whistle and a second guitar that continue to lull the listener through the 2-minute-mark when the track begins to come to life. It takes off fully at 3:00 when a firm bassline, dual guitars, and flourishing high keys flood the airwaves in perfect unison for an organically incredible sonic highpoint the likes of which I’d yet to hear across any of their work. The second begins with a 2-minute-long, guitar-forward introduction that gives way to a temporarily Adrienne Lenker-like vocal performance, before the song morphs into a tight, beat-like instrumental that continuously and relentlessly builds on itself before finally relinquishing to a theatrical minute-long vocal conclusion. It’s a ridiculous but inexplicably well-executed example of the musical behavior I’ve been trying to discourage. Sonic maximalism and track-to-track overambition plague this record but result in songs like those, which makes it much harder to condemn the approach. While the pursuit of 10/10 tracks feels forced on the majority of songs, Black Country, New Road is able to justify those pursuits, even within the songs that suffer from them. This record feels like a step back, but not the permanent kind. Wood’s guitar feels fairly irreplaceable at this point, but the trio of vocalists, Tyler Hyde, May Kershaw, and Georgia Ellery, was extremely effective, and their group vocal ability adds more to the sound than Wood’s vocal persona could alone. The balance of instrumental complexity and dynamic vocals led to their strongest work when properly struck, but the many lengthy intros tend to expose a less complex sonic palate that their structurally ambitious songs work to mask or overcome. Further mastery of their many moving parts and a matured understanding of listenability could result in their best record, but a deepened obsession with sonic maximalism and out-of-the-box track development may lead them down a path of creative anti-progress. Black Country, New Road: professional line-toers. Forever Howlong is a 7.6 .
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